Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel

Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel

Available Products

Product Name/Description No. of Reactions* Product Code
Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel for Real-Time PCR 48 CRC-RT48

 

*Includes all controls.

 

KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations and cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through a progressive accumulation of genetic alterations that code for proteins involved in pathways downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).  KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and AKT1 somatic mutations are commonly found in CRC with prevalence of 36-40%, 1-6%, 8-10%, 10-30% and 1-6%, respectively.

The KRAS gene encodes a small GTPase that plays a key role in transducing signals from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to downstream effectors. KRAS mutations have been commonly found in several types of human malignancies, such as metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), lung adenocarcinoma and thyroid cancer. The most common mutations are found in codons 12 and 13 of KRAS. Several studies have demonstrated that tumors carrying any of these mutant forms of the KRAS gene are less likely to respond to anti-EGFR antibody therapy (Van Cutsem et al. 2011). The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recently released its first Provisional Clinical Opinion (PCO) suggesting that all patients to be administered anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy (e.g. cetuximab, panitumumab and erlotnib) should be screened for KRAS mutations.  Recent studies have also shown that not all mCRC patients with wild-type KRAS tumors respond to anti-EGFR therapy (Shaib et al. 2013). This suggests that additional genes and/or pathways may be involved in the mechanism of resistance to these drugs. Mutations in BRAF, another downstream effector of the EGF-activated pathway, have been identified in up to 8-10% of mCRC tumors. Studies with mCRC patients have shown resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in patients with tumors expressing mutated BRAF (Di Nicolantonio et al. 2008). Those same individuals also had decreased progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival when treated with EGFR antagonists.

In colon cancers without KRAS or BRAF mutation, the presence of an NRAS mutation is also linked to resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. NRAS is a member of the RAS family of GTPases and plays a central role in the MAPK signaling pathway.  Activating mutations in exon 2 (codon 12/13), exon 3 (codon 61), and exon 4 (codon 146) have been found in various cancers and are found in 1-6% of colorectal cancers. These findings strongly suggest that screening for KRAS, BRAF and NRAS mutations is necessary to more accurately identify tumor cells that will not respond to anti-EGFR drugs.

Additional biomarkers such as PIK3CA have been associated with a lack of response to anti-EGFR therapy (Mao et al. 2012), although their prognostic role is still a matter for debate. Nevertheless PIK3CA represents one of the most frequently mutated genes in CRC, with approximately 10%–30% of CRCs harboring PIK3CA activating mutations. These somatic mutations commonly occur in exon 9, which encodes the helical domain and exon 20, which encodes the kinase domain. The PIK3CA gene encodes the p110a subunit of phosphatidyl 3-kinase, a lipid involved in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway that regulates cell growth, survival and proliferation. Another key protein that functions as a component of the PI3K signaling pathway is AKT1, a serine-threonine kinase. AKT1 is a downstream mediator of PI3 kinase. A somatic mutation that substitutes glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at amino acid position 17 results in a constitutively active form of the enzyme that is no longer dependent on activation of upstream components of the pathway. The AKT1 E17K mutation has been found in various cancers, including colon, lung and breast. Studies have shown that tumors harboring the AKT1 E17K mutation are less sensitive to AKT inhibitors (Carpten et al. 2007). Furthermore, tumors with the AKT1 E17K mutation are generally found to be negative for EGFR, KRAS and ALK driver mutations.

The table below lists the frequency of 5 common oncogenic mutations detected in CRC.

Oncogene Prevalence % References
KRAS 36-40 Faulkner et al. 2010; COSMIC ;Neumann et al. 2009
PIK3CA 10-30 COSMIC; Samuels et al. 2004
BRAF 8-10 Varghese et al. 2015Tejpar et al. 2010
NRAS 1-6 COSMIC; De Roock et al. 2010;Irahara et al. 2009 ; Vaughn et al. 2011
AKT1 <1-6 COSMIC; Fumagalli et al. 2008;Kim et al. 2008

 

Kit Features

The Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel detects somatic mutations found in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and AKT1 genes. Below is a list of mutations detected by this kit.

 

Gene Exon Amino Acid Change Nucleotide Change Cosmic ID Reaction No.
KRAS 2 G12A c.35G>C 522 1
G12D c.35G>A 521 1
G12R c.34G>C 518 1
G12C c.34G>T 516 1
G12S c.34G>A 517 1
G12V c.35G>T 520 1
G13D c.38G>A 532 1
3 A59T c.175G>A 546 6
A59E c.176C>A 547 6
A59G c.176C>G 28518 6
Q61H c.183A>C 554 4
Q61H c.183A>T 555 4
Q61L c.182A>T 553 4
Q61R c.182A>G 552 4
4 K117N c.351A>C 19940 1
K117N c.351A>T 28519 1
K117R c.350A>G 4696722 1
K117E c.349A>G 1
A146T c.436G>A 19404 5
A146P c.436G>C 19905 5
A146V c.437C>T 19900 5
NRAS 2 G12D c.35G>A 564 2
G12S c.34G>A 563 2
G12C c.34G>T 562 2
G13R c.37G>C 569 2
G13V c.38G>T 574 2
3 A59T c.175G>A 578 6
A59D c.176C>A 253327 6
Q61K c.181C>A 580 3
Q61L c.182A>T 583 3
Q61R c.182A>G 584 3
Q61H c.183A>C 586 3
Q61H c.183A>T 585 3
4 K117R c.350A>G 2
A146T c.436G>A 27174 5
BRAF 15 V600E c.1799T>A 476 3
V600E2 c.1799_1800TG>AA 3
V600D c.1799_1800TG>AT 477 3
V600K c.1798_1799GT>AA 473 3
PIK3CA 9 E542K c.1624G>A 760 4
E545K c.1633G>A 763 4
E545Q c.1633G>C 27133 4
20 H1047R c.3140A>G 775 4
H1047L c.3140A>T 776 4
AKT1 4 E17K c.49G>A 33765 6

 

Testing Procedure and Analysis

 

molg2-cole

 

 

 

EntroGen’s Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that uses allele-specific primers in a multiplex reaction to identify the presence of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations in a total of 6 reactions per sample. The testing procedure involves three (3) simple steps:

  • Isolation of DNA from tumor biopsies, paraffin-embedded sections (FFPE), or fresh frozen tumors.
  • Amplification of DNA using the provided reagents in the kit.
  • Automated analysis and reporting using proprietary software.

This test can be completed in approximately 2 hours from isolation of DNA to test results.

 

 

Equipment and Materials

EntroGen’s Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel requires a real-time PCR instrument capable of detecting FAM, ROX, CY5 and VIC fluorescent probes.

This test includes reagents required for PCR amplification/detection, as well as validated reaction controls. Columns and reagents for DNA isolation are not included.

 

Intended Use

USA:

EntroGen’s Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel is provided for research use only (RUO). Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

 

Europe:

EntroGen’s Colorectal Cancer Mutation Detection Panel is available for research use only (RUO) and diagnostic (CE-IVD) purposes.

Ważne: Strona wykorzystuje pliki cookies. W ramach naszej witryny stosujemy pliki cookies w celu świadczenia Państwu usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Państwa urządzeniu końcowym. Możecie Państwo dokonać w każdym czasie zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies.